Phone-to-Feature Mapping
From SpeechWiki
Mapping from phones to their canonical gestural feature values
- '*' indicates that a feature is unspecified; e.g. the feature vow for [hh] and [q] or rd for rhotics and palato-alveolar fricatives.
- One phone, [q], can take on either of two values for glo, STOP or IRR.
- All of the phones have pl2 = NONE, dg2 = VOW canonically (though [w] is arguable). However, these features are used in the transcription of non-canonical regions.
- The notes column records other issues that have come up in discussions about specific phones.
- We use a single vowel tier, instead of height and front-back features; height and front-back fail to distinguish certain vowel sets and were found to be hard to use in practice when transcribing. For your reference, height and front-back features are shown in the vowel diagram below.
- This mapping is Set 6; To see how our feature sets have evolved, click here.
phn | pl1 | dg1 | pl2 | dg2 | nas | rd | glo | vow | IPA | examples, notes | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
aa | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | aa | ɑ | as in "bob" | |||||||||||
ae | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ae | æ | as in "bat" | |||||||||||
ah | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ah | ʌ | as in "but" | |||||||||||
ao | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | ao | ɔ | as in "bought" | |||||||||||
aw1 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | aw1 | aʊ | 1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bout" | |||||||||||
aw2 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | aw2 | aʊ | 2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bout" | |||||||||||
ax | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ax | ə | 1st vowel in "about" | |||||||||||
axr | RHO | APP | NONE | VOW | - | * | VOI | axr | ɚ | as in end of "butter"; note: features same as [r], [er]? | |||||||||||
ay1 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ay1 | aɪ | 1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bite" | |||||||||||
ay2 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ay2 | aɪ | 2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bite" | |||||||||||
b | LAB | BUR | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | b | burst only | |||||||||||
bcl | LAB | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | closure only | ||||||||||||
ch | P-A | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | * | VL | N/A | ʧ | frication part only of affricate in "chat" (closure part is [dcl]); same features as [sh]; note: rd? | |||||||||||
d | ALV | BUR | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | d | burst only | |||||||||||
dcl | ALV | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | closure only | ||||||||||||
dh | DEN | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | ð | as in "them" | |||||||||||
dx | ALV | FLAP | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | ɾ | flap as in "butter" | |||||||||||
eh | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | eh | ɛ | as in "bet" | |||||||||||
el | LAT | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | el | l̩ | syllabic /l/ as in "bottle"; note: vow = N/A? | |||||||||||
em | LAB | CLO | NONE | VOW | + | - | VOI | em | m̩ | syllabic /m/ as in some productions of "bottom"; note: vow = N/A? | |||||||||||
en | ALV | CLO | NONE | VOW | + | - | VOI | en | n̩ | syllabic /n/ as in "button"; note: vow = N/A? | |||||||||||
er | RHO | APP | NONE | VOW | - | * | VOI | er | ɝ | as in "bird"; note: rd? features same as [r], [axr]? | |||||||||||
ey1 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ey1 | eɪ | 1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bait" | |||||||||||
ey2 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ey2 | eɪ | 2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bait" | |||||||||||
f | L-D | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | f | ||||||||||||
g | VEL | BUR | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | ɡ | burst only | |||||||||||
gcl | VEL | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | closure only | ||||||||||||
hh | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | * | ASP | * | h | voiceless aspirant as in "he" | |||||||||||
ih | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ih | ɪ | as in "bit" | |||||||||||
ix | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | ix | ɨ | front schwa, as in some productions of 2nd vowel in "roses" | |||||||||||
iy | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | iy | i | as in "beet" | |||||||||||
jh | P-A | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | * | VOI | N/A | ʤ | frication part only of palato-alveolar affricate in "jot" (closure part is [dcl]); same features as [zh]; note: rd? | |||||||||||
k | VEL | BUR | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | kʰ, k | burst only; for the canonical mapping, we are calling the entire burst BUR, i.e. ignoring the aspiration portion in stressed environments | |||||||||||
kcl | VEL | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | closure only | ||||||||||||
l | LAT | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | l, ɫ | ||||||||||||
m | LAB | CLO | NONE | VOW | + | - | VOI | N/A | m | ||||||||||||
n | ALV | CLO | NONE | VOW | + | - | VOI | N/A | n | ||||||||||||
nx | ALV | FLAP | NONE | VOW | + | - | VOI | N/A | ɾ̃ | nasal flap, as in some productions of "winter" or "winner" | |||||||||||
ng | VEL | CLO | NONE | VOW | + | - | VOI | N/A | ŋ | as in "bang" | |||||||||||
ow1 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | ow1 | oʊ | 1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boat" | |||||||||||
ow2 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | ow2 | oʊ | 2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boat" | |||||||||||
oy1 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | oy1 | oɪ, ɔɪ | 1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boy" | |||||||||||
oy2 | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | oy2 | oɪ, ɔɪ | 2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boy" | |||||||||||
p | LAB | BUR | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | pʰ, p | burst only; see note for [k] | |||||||||||
pcl | LAB | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | closure only | ||||||||||||
q | GLO | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | STOP/IRR | * | ʔ | glottal stop; note: VOI?, unspecified vow? [Used to be ST/IRR; changed it here and above.-AB,7/14/06] | |||||||||||
r | RHO | APP | NONE | VOW | - | * | VOI | N/A | ɹ | as in "run"; rd? | |||||||||||
s | ALV | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | s | ||||||||||||
sh | P-A | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | * | VL | N/A | ʃ | rd? | |||||||||||
t | ALV | BUR | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | tʰ, t | burst only; see note for [k] | |||||||||||
tcl | ALV | CLO | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | closure only | ||||||||||||
th | DEN | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | - | VL | N/A | θ | as in "thin" | |||||||||||
uh | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | uh | ʊ | as in "book" | |||||||||||
uw | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | uw | u | as in "boot" | |||||||||||
ux | NONE | VOW | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | ux | (j)u, ʉ | fronted /uw/ as in some productions of "too"; same as German ü or vowel in French "sur" | |||||||||||
v | L-D | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | v | ||||||||||||
w | LAB | APP | NONE | VOW | - | + | VOI | N/A | w | pl2 = VEL, dg2 = APP? | |||||||||||
y | P-A | APP | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | j | as in "yet" | |||||||||||
z | ALV | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | - | VOI | N/A | z | ||||||||||||
zh | P-A | FRIC | NONE | VOW | - | * | VOI | N/A | ʒ | as in "measure"; note: rd? | |||||||||||
sil | SIL | SIL | SIL | SIL | - | - | VL | N/A | Used to have pl2 = NONE, dg2 = VOW;why, I have no idea. So I changed it to SIL for all 4 pl/dg features. | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | xxx | any non speech regions. e.g., laughter, inhalation and etc. |