Phone-to-Feature Mapping

From SpeechWiki

Feature set

Feature name	Values	Comments
pl1 (place 1)	LAB, L-D, DEN, ALV, P-A, VEL, GLO, RHO, LAT, NONE, SIL	Place of forward constriction
dg1 (degree 1)	VOW, APP, FLAP, FRIC, CLO, SIL	Degree of forward constriction. This is not exactly a degree of constriction feature, though; e.g., the same physical degree of constriction could result in a fricative or not, depending on the pressure behind it. We label a constriction as a fricative only if there is turbulence noise. FLAP is also not really a degree of consriction: it's really a closure which is short in duration.
pl2 (place 2)	L-D, DEN, ALV, P-A, VEL, GLO, RHO, LAT, NONE, SIL	Place of rear constriction. One value fewer than place 1, because can't have two labial constrictions.
dg2 (degree 2)	VOW, APP, FLAP, FRIC, CLO, SIL	Degree of rear constriction
nas (nasality)	+, -	+ means "velum is open" and therefore is used for both nasal consonants and other nasalized sounds.
glo (glottal state)	VOI (regular pitch periods), VL (voiceless), ASP (aspiration), A+VO (aspiration + voicing), STOP (stop), IRR (irregular pitch periods)	Replaces voicing feature to deal with more states. "Voiceless" refers to both silence and non-silence voiceless. "Aspiration" refers to voiceless with aspiration (e.g. aspirated part of voiceless stop burst). "Aspiration + voicing" is used for voiced [h] and aspirated vowels/liquids/glides. When we label something as "aspirated", we are including aspiration noise that may originate elsewhere other than the glottis (so it is not really a "glottal state", but we are lumping it into this feature anyway).
rd (lip rounding)	+, -
vow (vowel)	aa, ae, ah, ao, aw1, aw2, ax, axr, ay1, ay2, eh, el, em, en, er, ey1, ey2, ih, ix, iy, ow1, ow2, oy1, oy2, uh, uw, ux, N/A	Replaces front-back and high-low features. Doesn't seem like there's any information loss in doing this.

Mapping from canonical phones to their articulatory feature values

• '*' indicates that a feature is unspecified; e.g. the feature vow for [hh] and [q] or rd for rhotics and palato-alveolar fricatives.
• One phone, [q], can take on either of two values for glo, STOP or IRR.
• All of the phones have pl2 = NONE, dg2 = VOW canonically (though [w] is arguable). However, these features are used in the transcription of non-canonical regions.
• The 'notes' column records other issues that have come up in discussions about specific phones.
• We use a single vowel tier, instead of height and front-back features; height and front-back fail to distinguish certain vowel sets and were found to be hard to use in practice when transcribing. For your reference, height and front-back features are shown in the vowel diagram below.
• Our current mapping is Set 6; To see how our feature sets have evolved, click here.

phn	pl1	dg1	pl2	dg2	nas	rd	glo	vow	IPA	examples, notes
aa	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	aa	ɑ	as in "bob"
ae	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ae	æ	as in "bat"
ah	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ah	ʌ	as in "but"
ao	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	ao	ɔ	as in "bought"
aw1	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	aw1	aʊ	1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bout"
aw2	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	aw2	aʊ	2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bout"
ax	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ax	ə	1st vowel in "about"
axr	RHO	APP	NONE	VOW	-	*	VOI	axr	ɚ	as in end of "butter"; note: features same as [r], [er]?
ay1	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ay1	aɪ	1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bite"
ay2	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ay2	aɪ	2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bite"
b	LAB	BUR	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	b	burst only
bcl	LAB	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A		closure only
ch	P-A	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	*	VL	N/A	ʧ	frication part only of affricate in "chat" (closure part is [dcl]); same features as [sh]; note: rd?
d	ALV	BUR	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	d	burst only
dcl	ALV	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A		closure only
dh	DEN	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A	ð	as in "them"
dx	ALV	FLAP	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A	ɾ	flap as in "butter"
eh	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	eh	ɛ	as in "bet"
el	LAT	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	el	l̩	syllabic /l/ as in "bottle"; note: vow = N/A?
em	LAB	CLO	NONE	VOW	+	-	VOI	em	m̩	syllabic /m/ as in some productions of "bottom"; note: vow = N/A?
en	ALV	CLO	NONE	VOW	+	-	VOI	en	n̩	syllabic /n/ as in "button"; note: vow = N/A?
er	RHO	APP	NONE	VOW	-	*	VOI	er	ɝ	as in "bird"; note: rd? features same as [r], [axr]?
ey1	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ey1	eɪ	1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bait"
ey2	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ey2	eɪ	2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "bait"
f	L-D	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	f
g	VEL	BUR	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	ɡ	burst only
gcl	VEL	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A		closure only
hh	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	*	ASP	*	h	voiceless aspirant as in "he"
ih	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ih	ɪ	as in "bit"
ix	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	ix	ɨ	front schwa, as in some productions of 2nd vowel in "roses"
iy	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	iy	i	as in "beet"
jh	P-A	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	*	VOI	N/A	ʤ	frication part only of palato-alveolar affricate in "jot" (closure part is [dcl]); same features as [zh]; note: rd?
k	VEL	BUR	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	kʰ, k	burst only; for the canonical mapping, we are calling the entire burst BUR, i.e. ignoring the aspiration portion in stressed environments
kcl	VEL	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A		closure only
l	LAT	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A	l, ɫ
m	LAB	CLO	NONE	VOW	+	-	VOI	N/A	m
n	ALV	CLO	NONE	VOW	+	-	VOI	N/A	n
nx	ALV	FLAP	NONE	VOW	+	-	VOI	N/A	ɾ̃	nasal flap, as in some productions of "winter" or "winner"
ng	VEL	CLO	NONE	VOW	+	-	VOI	N/A	ŋ	as in "bang"
ow1	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	ow1	oʊ	1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boat"
ow2	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	ow2	oʊ	2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boat"
oy1	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	oy1	oɪ, ɔɪ	1st articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boy"
oy2	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	oy2	oɪ, ɔɪ	2nd articulatory configuration of the diphthong in "boy"
p	LAB	BUR	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	pʰ, p	burst only; see note for [k]
pcl	LAB	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A		closure only
q	GLO	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	STOP/IRR	*	ʔ	glottal stop; note: VOI?, unspecified vow? [Used to be ST/IRR; changed it here and above.-AB,7/14/06]
r	RHO	APP	NONE	VOW	-	*	VOI	N/A	ɹ	as in "run"; rd?
s	ALV	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	s
sh	P-A	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	*	VL	N/A	ʃ	rd?
t	ALV	BUR	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	tʰ, t	burst only; see note for [k]
tcl	ALV	CLO	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A		closure only
th	DEN	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	-	VL	N/A	θ	as in "thin"
uh	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	uh	ʊ	as in "book"
uw	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	uw	u	as in "boot"
ux	NONE	VOW	NONE	VOW	-	+	VOI	ux	(j)u, ʉ	fronted /uw/ as in some productions of "too"; same as German ü or vowel in French "sur"
v	L-D	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A	v
w	LAB	APP	VEL	APP	-	+	VOI	N/A	w
y	P-A	APP	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A	j	as in "yet"
z	ALV	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	-	VOI	N/A	z
zh	P-A	FRIC	NONE	VOW	-	*	VOI	N/A	ʒ	as in "measure"; note: rd?
sil	SIL	SIL	SIL	SIL	-	-	VL	N/A		Used to have pl2 = NONE, dg2 = VOW;why, I have no idea. So I changed it to SIL for all 4 pl/dg features.
xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx	xxx		any non-speech regions. e.g., laughter, inhalation.

Vowel diagram