##################################### # Table of distinctive features # Every phoneme should be listed either in FEATTAB or in MULTIPART_PHONES # Stop release segments p -continuant,-sonorant,+lips,,-voice t -continuant,-sonorant,+blade,-strident,+anterior,-distributed,-voice k -continuant,-sonorant,+body,-voice b -continuant,-sonorant,+lips,+voice d -continuant,-sonorant,+blade,-strident,+anterior,-distributed,+voice g -continuant,-sonorant,-blade,+body,+voice # Flap dx -continuant,+sonorant,+blade,-nasal,+reduced # Fricatives f +continuant,-sonorant,+lips,-strident,-voice th +continuant,-sonorant,+blade,+anterior,+distributed,-strident,-voice s +continuant,-sonorant,+blade,+anterior,-distributed,+strident,-voice sh +continuant,-sonorant,+blade,-anterior,+distributed,+strident,-voice v +continuant,-sonorant,+lips,-strident,+voice dh +continuant,-sonorant,+blade,+anterior,+distributed,-strident,+voice z +continuant,-sonorant,+blade,+anterior,-distributed,+strident,+voice zh +continuant,-sonorant,+blade,-anterior,+distributed,+strident,+voice # Nasals # /n/ is not specified for anterior or distributed; it's produced # apically by default, but often becomes retroflex or dental # in /r/ or /dh/ context, and these allophones are not perceived # distinctly in English # /nx/ is pronlex's mistaken notation for /ng/. Rather than correct # it in the source, this file treats nx as ng; don't generalize m -continuant,+sonorant,+lips,+nasal em -continuant,+sonorant,+lips,+nasal,+syllabic n -continuant,+sonorant,+blade,+nasal en -continuant,+sonorant,+blade,+nasal,+syllabic nx -continuant,+sonorant,+body,+nasal eng -continuant,+sonorant,+body,+nasal # /r/ is -anterior, but /er/ is not, # because /r/ changes the place of a preceding /t/ or /s/, # while /er/ usually doesn't; r +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+blade,-anterior,-distributed axr +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-front,+reduced,+retroflex er +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-high,-low,-front,-ATR,-reduced,+retroflex er+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-high,-low,-front,-ATR,-reduced,+retroflex,+stress # /l/ is unspecified for anterior & distributed because # it may assimilate features of a neighbor, e.g., # /l/ becomes dental in "bath leaves"; # conversely /l/ does not change the place of neighboring /sh/ l -continuant,+sonorant,+blade,-nasal el -continuant,+sonorant,+blade,-nasal,+syllabic # /w/ hw +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+lips,+spread wh +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+lips,+spread w +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+lips,-spread # /y/ is specifically [-anterior,+distributed] because # it causes a neighboring obstruent to take on those features, # e.g. "did you" y +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+blade,-anterior,+distributed # /h/ hh +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+glottis,+spread hv +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+glottis,+spread q +continuant,+sonorant,-syllabic,+glottis,-spread # Vowels # Is there really any feature system for vowels # that works as well as simply classifying the labels? # For example, /ih/ and /ey/ have identical mid-vowel formants; # the main difference is the /y/ offglide on ey # Likewise /uh/ and /ow/ have very similar mid-vowel formants. # For these reasons, /uh/ and /ih/ are here classed as -high,-low # and /ah/ and /eh/ are +low. # ax +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-front,+reduced,-retroflex,-spread ax-h +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-front,+reduced,-retroflex,+spread ix +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+front,+reduced,-retroflex,-spread aa +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,-front,+CP,-reduced,-retroflex ae +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,+front,+CP,-reduced,-retroflex ah +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,-front,-CP,-reduced,-retroflex ao +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,-front,+CP,-reduced,-retroflex eh +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,+front,-CP,-reduced,-retroflex ey +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,+front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex ih +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,+front,-ATR,-reduced,-retroflex iy +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,+high,+front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex ow +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,-front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex uh +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,-front,-ATR,-reduced,-retroflex uw +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,+high,-front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex ux +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,+high,+front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex # Stressed Vowels aa+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,-front,+CP,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ae+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,+front,+CP,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ah+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,-front,-CP,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ao+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,-front,+CP,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress eh+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,+low,-high,+front,-CP,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ey+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,+front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ih+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,+front,-ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress iy+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,+high,+front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ow+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,-front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress uh+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,-high,-front,-ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress uw+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,+high,-front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress ux+1 +continuant,+sonorant,+syllabic,-low,+high,+front,+ATR,-reduced,-retroflex,+stress